2,938 research outputs found

    SkelCL - A Portable Skeleton Library for High-Level GPU Programming

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    While CUDA and OpenCL made general-purpose programming for Graphics Processing Units (GPU) popular, using these programming approaches remains complex and error-prone because they lack high-level abstractions. The especially challenging systems with multiple GPU are not addressed at all by these low-level programming models. We propose SkelCL – a library providing so-called algorithmic skeletons that capture recurring patterns of parallel computation and communication, together with an abstract vector data type and constructs for specifying data distribution. We demonstrate that SkelCL greatly simplifies programming GPU systems. We report the competitive performance results of SkelCL using both a simple Mandelbrot set computation and an industrial-strength medical imaging application. Because the library is implemented using OpenCL, it is portable across GPU hardware of different vendors

    dOpenCL: Towards a Uniform Programming Approach for Distributed Heterogeneous Multi-/Many-Core Systems

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    Modern computer systems are becoming increasingly heterogeneous by comprising multi-core CPUs, GPUs, and other accelerators. Current programming approaches for such systems usually require the application developer to use a combination of several programming models (e. g., MPI with OpenCL or CUDA) in order to exploit the full compute capability of a system. In this paper, we present dOpenCL (Distributed OpenCL) – a uniform approach to programming distributed heterogeneous systems with accelerators. dOpenCL extends the OpenCL standard, such that arbitrary computing devices installed on any node of a distributed system can be used together within a single application. dOpenCL allows moving data and program code to these devices in a transparent, portable manner. Since dOpenCL is designed as a fully-fledged implementation of the OpenCL API, it allows running existing OpenCL applications in a heterogeneous distributed environment without any modifications. We describe in detail the mechanisms that are required to implement OpenCL for distributed systems, including a device management mechanism for running multiple applications concurrently. Using three application studies, we compare the performance of dOpenCL with MPI+OpenCL and a standard OpenCL implementation

    Towards High-Level Programming of Multi-GPU Systems Using the SkelCL Library

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    Application programming for GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) is complex and error-prone, because the popular approaches — CUDA and OpenCL — are intrinsically low-level and offer no special support for systems consisting of multiple GPUs. The SkelCL library presented in this paper is built on top of the OpenCL standard and offers preimplemented recurring computation and communication patterns (skeletons) which greatly simplify programming for multiGPU systems. The library also provides an abstract vector data type and a high-level data (re)distribution mechanism to shield the programmer from the low-level data transfers between the system’s main memory and multiple GPUs. In this paper, we focus on the specific support in SkelCL for systems with multiple GPUs and use a real-world application study from the area of medical imaging to demonstrate the reduced programming effort and competitive performance of SkelCL as compared to OpenCL and CUDA. Besides, we illustrate how SkelCL adapts to large-scale, distributed heterogeneous systems in order to simplify their programming

    Theoretical prediction and spectroscopic fingerprints of an orbital transition in CeCu2Si2

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    We show that the heavy-fermion compound CeCu2Si2 undergoes a transition between two regimes dominated by different crystal-field states. At low pressure P and low temperature T the Ce 4f electron resides in the atomic crystal-field ground state, while at high P or T the electron occupancy and spectral weight is transferred to an excited crystal-field level that hybridizes more strongly with itinerant states. These findings result from first-principles dynamical-mean-field-theory calculations. We predict experimental signatures of this orbital transition in X-ray spectroscopy. The corresponding fluctuations may be responsible for the second high-pressure superconducting dome observed in this and similar materials.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures + 5 supplementary page

    Trendanalyse NH3-Immissionsmessungen in der Schweiz

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    Cave Genesis and its relationship to surface processes: investigations in the Siebenhengste region (BE, Switzerland)

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    Du point de vue spĂ©lĂ©ologique, la rĂ©gion des Siebenhengste est l’une des plus importantes du monde. La densitĂ© exceptionnelle des galeries souterraines, qui s’étendent sur plus de 1500 m de dĂ©nivelĂ©, en fait un site privilĂ©giĂ© pour l’étude de la palĂ©ogĂ©omorphologie alpine et de la palĂ©oclimatologie glaciaire. La prĂ©sente thĂšse se concentre sur la grotte de St. BĂ©at et le BĂ€renschacht, situĂ©s au sud de ladite rĂ©gion. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus, qui concernent la tectonique, l’hydrogĂ©ologie, la spĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse, la palĂ©ogĂ©ographie et la palĂ©oclimatologie, sont prĂ©sentĂ©s sommairement ci-dessous. Tectonique et stratigraphie: Le rejet de la faille de Hohgant-Sundlauenen (HSV) est de l’ordre de 1 km. L’épaisseur stratigraphique du Schrattenkalk et de la sĂ©rie du Hohgant permet l’observation de l’activitĂ© synsĂ©dimentaire de la HSV Ă  partir du CrĂ©tacĂ© infĂ©rieur jusqu’à l’EocĂšne. L’histoire complexe de l’activitĂ© tectonique et de la sĂ©dimentation pendant cette pĂ©riode est esquissĂ©e. La Waldegg est une structure en Horst et Graben. HydrogĂ©ologie: Des observations dans la grotte de St. BĂ©at ont dĂ©montrĂ© que les eaux du karst sont capables de former des cavitĂ©s Ă  l’intĂ©rieur et au travers de formations impermĂ©ables. De plus, les diffluences vadoses sont trĂšs courantes, et les transfluences ne nĂ©cessitent pas une couche impermĂ©able pour leur mise en place. Certains rĂ©sultats «étranges» des essais de traçage peuvent ĂȘtre expliquĂ©s par ces observations. Un essai de traçage a permis de dĂ©limiter les bassins versants de la grotte de St. BĂ©at et des Siebenhengste. Une revue de tous les traçages effectuĂ©s dans la rĂ©gion des Siebenhengste-Hohgant est prĂ©sentĂ©e et permet de faire une synthĂšse des systĂšmes hydrogĂ©ologiques au nord d’Interlaken. SpĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse: La morphologie des galeries dans la zone Ă©piphrĂ©atique actuelle indique que la corrosion en temps de crue, bien que temporaire, prĂ©domine sur l’érosion vadose pĂ©renne, avec pour corollaire la forme phrĂ©atique des galeries qui se situent dans la zone Ă©piphrĂ©atique. La transition mĂ©andre-tube se fait au toit de cette zone, qui est responsable de la derniĂšre Ă©tape morphogĂ©nĂ©tique des cavitĂ©s alpines. Les phases spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques sont liĂ©es Ă  la zone Ă©piphrĂ©atique. Des soutirages vidangent la zone Ă©piphrĂ©atique en temps d’étiage. Leur genĂšse est intimement liĂ©e Ă  l’existence d’une zone de battement. La transition d’une phase Ă  l’autre se fait assez rapidement. Par contre, un Ă©quilibre entre la taille des galeries et le dĂ©bit total n’est atteint qu’asymptotiquement et aprĂšs un temps considĂ©rable. Reconstitution de la palĂ©ogĂ©ographie: On a trouvĂ© douze phases spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques, d’ñges diffĂ©rents. On assume que leur source Ă©tait en relation avec un ancien fond de vallĂ©e. Ainsi, les phases spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques indiqueraient l’approfondissement progressif de la vallĂ©e. Les phases traitĂ©es dans le prĂ©sent travail se situent Ă  558, 660, 700, 760, 805 et 890 m d’altitude. L’analyse statistique des petites cavitĂ©s confirme ces phases. Des observations morphologiques et sĂ©dimentologiques suggĂšrent une genĂšse des galeries les plus anciennes aux Siebenhengste pendant le dernier dĂ©pĂŽt de molasse, au Mio/PliocĂšne, avant l’approfondissement de la vallĂ©e de l’Aare. Datation des phases et information palĂ©oclimatique: L’érosion laisse toujours des restes de sĂ©diment Ă  l’intĂ©rieur d’une cavitĂ©, que l’on peut utiliser pour une reconstitution du palĂ©oclimat. La genĂšse des cavitĂ©s et le dĂ©pĂŽt de concrĂ©tions a lieu pendant les pĂ©riodes chaudes, tandis que les glaciations causent l’arrĂȘt de la spĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse et le dĂ©pĂŽt des limons varvĂ©s dus Ă  l’ennoyement des galeries. Plusieurs profils sĂ©dimentaires, principalement dans la grotte de St. BĂ©at, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. La succession sĂ©dimentaire permet une reconstitution chronologique des Ă©vĂšnements, combinĂ©e ensuite avec les phases spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques. On obtient ainsi des indications sur l’ñge relatif des profils et des phases spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques correspondantes. La datation de cette chronologie permet de retracer les phases spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques et, en mĂȘme temps, les avancĂ©es et retraits glaciaires. Les rĂ©sultats montrent six avancĂ©es, Ă  >350 ka, 235-180 ka, 157-135 ka, 114-99 ka, 76-54 ka et 39-16 ka. La phase spĂ©lĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tique 760 Ă©tait active Ă  >350-235 ka, la phase 700 Ă  180-157 ka, la phase 660 Ă  135-39 ka, et la phase actuelle 558 entre 39 ka et aujourd’hui. L’analyse intĂ©grale d’un systĂšme souterrain fournit des informations palĂ©oclimatiques bien plus significatives que l’étude d’échantillons isolĂ©s dans un systĂšme essentiellement ouvert. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© rendue possible grĂące Ă  la topographie souterraine bĂ©nĂ©vole effectuĂ©e par des gĂ©nĂ©rations de spĂ©lĂ©ologues.Die Region der Siebenhengste ist eine der grössten Höhlengebiete weltweit. Ihre hohe Dichte an HöhlengĂ€ngen, die sich ĂŒber mehr als 1500 Höhenmeter erstrecken, machen sie zu einem idealen Ort zum Studium der alpinen PalĂ€ogeomorphologie und glazialen PalĂ€oklimatologie. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die St. Beatus-Höhle und den BĂ€renschacht, die sich am sĂŒdlichen Ende der Höhlenregion befinden. Die Resultate ĂŒber Tektonik, Hydrogeologie, Höhlenentstehung, PalĂ€ogeographie und PalĂ€oklimatologie werden im Folgenden summarisch prĂ€sentiert. Tektonik und Stratigraphie: Der Versatz der Hohgant-Sundlauenen-Verwerfung (HSV) liegt bei 1 km. Die stratigraphischen MĂ€chtigkeiten des Schrattenkalkes und der Hohgantserie erlauben, eine synsedimentĂ€re AktivitĂ€t der HSV bereits ab der Unterkreide bis zum EozĂ€n zu belegen. Eine komplexe Geschichte der BruchaktivitĂ€t und Sedimentation dieses Zeitalters wird nachgezeichnet. Die Waldegg ist eine Horst-Graben-Struktur. Hydrogeologie: Beobachtungen in der St. Beatus-Höhle haben gezeigt, dass KarstwĂ€sser auch innerhalb und quer zu undurchlĂ€ssigen Schichten Höhlen bilden können. ZusĂ€tzlich sind vadose Diffluenzen sehr hĂ€ufig, und Transfluenzen sind nicht auf Gebiete mit undurchlĂ€ssigen Schichten beschrĂ€nkt. Durch diese Beobachtungen können „seltsame“ Resultate von FĂ€rbversuchen erklĂ€rt werden. Ein FĂ€rbversuch erlaubte die Abgrenzung der Einzugsgebiete der St. Beatus-Höhle von demjenigen der Siebenhengste. Eine Übersicht ĂŒber alle je in der Region durchgefĂŒhrten FĂ€rbversuche wurde erstellt und erlaubt einen Überblick ĂŒber die hydrogeologischen Systeme nördlich von Interlaken. Höhlenentstehung: Die Gangmorphologie zeigt, dass in der heutigen epiphreatischen Zone die zeitweilige Hochwasserkorrosion ĂŒber die stĂ€ndige Niederwassererosion dominiert, was eine phreatische Morphologie innerhalb der epiphreatischen Zone ergibt. Der Übergang MĂ€ander-Röhre geschieht im Dach dieser Zone, welche fĂŒr die letzte Morphogenese zumindest in alpinen Höhlen verantwortlich ist. Die spelĂ€ogenetischen Phasen sind in Zusammenhang mit der epiphreatischen Zone. Soutirages entleeren die epiphreatische Zone wĂ€hrend Niederwasser. Ihre Genese ist von der Existenz einer Hochwasserzone abhĂ€ngig. Der Übergang von einer spelĂ€ogenetischen Phase zur nĂ€chsten geschieht verhĂ€ltnismĂ€ssig schnell; ein Gleichgewicht zwischen SchĂŒttung und Ganggrösse stellt sich jedoch sehr wahrscheinlich nur asymptotisch und nach einer sehr langen Zeit ein. Rekonstruktion der PalĂ€ogeographie: Es wurden zwölf spelĂ€ogenetische Phasen verschiedenen Alters gefunden, deren Quelle wohl in Zusammenhang mit einem alten Talboden steht. Aus diesem Grunde sollten die spelĂ€ogenetischen Phasen die Abfolge der Taleintiefung darstellen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit besonders studierten Phasen liegen auf 558, 660, 700, 760, 805 und 890 m ĂŒ.M. Die statistische Analyse von Kleinhöhlen bestĂ€tigt diese Phasen. Morphologische und sedimentologische Befunde legen eine Entstehung der Ă€ltesten GĂ€nge auf den Siebenhengsten zur Zeit der Molasseablagerung, also im Mio-PliozĂ€n, nahe, bevor das Aaretal begann zu existieren. Datierung der Phasen und palĂ€oklimatische Informationen: Die Erosion verschont zumeist Überreste der Sedimente. Aus diesem Grund sind Höhlen zur Rekonstruktion des PalĂ€oklimas geeignet. Höhlenentstehung und Tropfsteinablagerung geschieht wĂ€hrend Warmzeiten, wĂ€hrend Eiszeiten die SpelĂ€ogenese behindern und wegen des Wasserspiegelanstiegs gewarvte Silte ablagern. Einige Sedimentprofile, zumeist aus der St. Beatus-Höhle, wurden untersucht. Die sedimentĂ€re Abfolge erlaubt eine chronologische Rekonstruktion von Ereignissen, die dann mit den spelĂ€genetischen Phasen kombiniert wird und so Angaben ĂŒber die relative Abfolge der Profile untereinander sowie ĂŒber die AlterszusammenhĂ€nge der Phasen liefert. Die Datierung dieser Chronologie erlaubt sodann die zeitliche Einstufung der spelĂ€ogenetischen Phasen sowie der Eisvorstösse und -rĂŒckzĂŒge. Die Resultate zeigen sechs Eisvorstösse bei >350 ka, 235-180 ka, 157-135 ka, 114-99 ka, 76-54 ka und 39-16 ka. Die spelĂ€ogenetische Phase 760 war zwischen >350-235 ka aktiv, Phase 700 zwischen 180-157 ka, Phase 660 wiederum zwischen 135-39 ka, und die heutige Phase 558 seit 39 ka. Eine Gesamtanalyse der Höhle ergibt sinnvollere Resultate als die punktuelle Analyse von Einzelproben in einem grundsĂ€tzlich offenen System. Diese Arbeit war nur möglich dank der ehrenamtlichen Höhlenvermessung durch Generationen von Höhlenforschern.The Siebenhengste region is one of the most significant cave areas in the world. Its high density of cave passages that extend over 1500 m in altitude makes it a key site for the study of Alpine paleogeomorphology and paleoclimatology. The present thesis concentrates on St. Beatus Cave and BĂ€renschacht at the southern rim of the cave region. The tectonics, hydrogeology, speleogenesis, paleogeography, and paleoclimatology are summarised as follows: Tectonics and stratigraphy: The throw of the Hohgant-Sundlauenen fault (HSV) is around 1 km. The stratigraphical thickness of the Schrattenkalk and Hohgant series allow an examination of the synsedimentary activity of the HSV from the Lower Cretaceous up to the Eocene. A complicated history of faulting activity and sedimentation in this timespan is retraced. The Waldegg is found to be a Horst-Graben structure. Hydrogeology: Observations in St. Beatus Cave have shown that karst waters not only can generate caves across and within impermeable formations; in addition vadose diffluences are common, and transfluences do not necessarily require an impermeable layer to form. These findings allow an explanation of complex results of water tracings to be formulated. A tracing experiment permitted delineation of the catchment areas of St. Beatus Cave and Siebenhengste. A review of all tracing experiments performed in the Siebenhengste-Hohgant area is made, and allows an overview of the hydrogeologic systems to the north of Interlaken. Speleogenesis: The passage morphology shows that in the present epiphreatic zone, temporal floodwater corrosion prevails over perennial low-water erosion, resulting in a phreatic morphology of the tubes within the epiphreatic zone. The transition from meandering canyon to tubetype passages occurs at the top of this zone, which is responsible for the latest stage of tube morphogenesis in Alpine caves. The speleogenetic phases are related to the top of the epiphreatic zone. Soutirages empty the epiphreatic zone in low water condition. Their genesis is intimately connected to the existence of a floodwater zone. The transition from one speleogenetic phase to another happens rapidly; however, equilibrium between passage size and total discharge most probably is reached only asymptotically and needs considerable time. Reconstruction of paleogeography: Twelve speleogenetic phases of different age can be found. The spring responsible for their formation is thought to be related to an old valley bottom. Therefore, the speleogenetic phases should directly indicate the successive deepening of the valley. The six phases that are investigated in the present study are found at 558, 660, 700, 760, 805, and 890 m a.s.l. The statistical analysis of small caves near the surface supports the definition of these phases. Morphologic and sedimentologic findings suggest the genesis of the oldest conduits at Siebenhengste to be contemporaneous with the last Molasse deposition in Mio-Pliocene, before the Aare valley existed. Phase-dating and paleoclimatic information: Erosion always leaves some sedimentary traces within the cave, which therefore yields paleoclimatic information. Cave genesis and speleothem deposition occurs during warm periods, whereas during glaciations, speleogenesis stops. Instead, varved silts are deposited as a result of waterlevel rise. Several sediment profiles are investigated, most of them within the St. Beatus Cave. The sedimentary succession allows a chronological reconstruction of events that, when combined with the speleogenetic phases, gives information about the relative age of each profile, and thus about the age of the speleogenetic phase. The dating of this chronology then allows the estimation of ages for the speleogenetic phases and glacial advances and retreats. The results show six glaciations at >350 ka, 235-180 ka, 157-135 ka, 114-99 ka, 76-54 ka, and 39-16 ka. The speleogenetic phase 760 was present at >350-235 ka, phase 700 was active at 180-157 ka, phase 660 again at 135-39 ka, and the present phase 558 between 39 ka and today. A comprehensive analysis of a cave system gives much more meaningful results than the analysis of single points and structures in a basically open system. The present study was made possible by of the volunteer mapping efforts of generations of speleologists

    Non-Inferiority Trials in Surgical Oncology

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    The classical randomized controlled clinical trial is designed to prove superiority of an investigational therapy over an established therapy or placebo (here referred to as "superiority trial”). Although the randomized controlled superiority trial has its well-grounded role, clinical trials of non-inferiority are equally important in the advance of medical science. Non-inferiority trials test whether a new intervention is as good as a standard treatment with respect to curing the illness (e.g., overall survival) while offering other benefits over the standard therapy, such as lower toxicity, better side-effect profile, improved ease of administration, or reduced costs. The evaluation of non-inferiority is critical in many settings. In surgical oncology, for instance, treatments often combine advantages (e.g., survival benefit) with disadvantages (e.g., high post-operative morbidity due to extensive surgery, considerable toxic effects of an aggressive chemotherapy regimen). The various aspects of different therapeutic strategies may make a treatment decision difficult, requiring a non-inferiority trial to quantify risks and benefits. However, despite their great importance in clinical cancer research, the concept, design, and objectives of non-inferiority trials remain poorly understood in the surgical community. The goal of this review is to discuss the principles, strengths, and challenges of non-inferiority trials and introduce this highly relevant topic to the surgical reader, using examples from the field of surgical oncolog

    Glauber Phases in Non-Global LHC Observables: Resummation for Quark-Initiated Processes

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    It has been known for many years that jet cross sections at hadron colliders exhibit double-logarithmic corrections starting at four-loop order, arising from two soft Glauber-gluon interactions between the two colliding partons. The resummation of these "super-leading logarithms" has been achieved only recently by means of a renormalization-group treatment in soft-collinear effective theory. We generalize this result and, within the same framework and for quark-initiated processes, resum the double logarithms arising in the presence of an arbitrary number of Glauber-gluon exchanges. For typical choices of parameters, the higher-order Glauber terms give rise to corrections which are expected to be numerically of the same magnitude as the super-leading logarithms. However, we find that the Glauber series for jet cross sections is dominated by the two-Glauber contribution.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figure
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